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французские марши
 French military marches and songs
Французские военные марши и песни
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France in World War I and World War II
(from wikipedia.org)
On June 28, 1914 a Bosnian member of the Black Hand assassinated Archduke
Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austria-Hungary throne, in Sarajevo, the
capital of the Austrian province of Bosnia in Serbia. This event ultimately
triggered a complex set of formal and secret military alliances between European
states, causing most of the continent, including France, to be drawn into war
within a few short weeks. Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia in late July,
triggering Russian mobilization. On August 1st both Germany and France ordered
mobilization. Germany was much better prepared militarily than any of the other
countries involved, including France. Later on that day the German Empire, as an
ally of Austria, declared war on Russia, when it heard no response to its
request for Russia's demobilization. France was allied with Russia and Serbia
and so was ready to commit to war against the German Empire. Germany occupied
Luxembourg on August 2nd and gave neutral Belgium an ultimatum: let German
armies pass through on their way to invade France or face invasion itself. The
Belgians refused, so Germany invaded and declared war on France. Britain entered
the war on August 4th, although was relatively unprepared militarily and thus
couldn't assist France much until August 7th. (See main entry for World War I
for more detailed background about events leading up to France's entry into the
war.)
A French
bayonet charge in World War
I
The war on the Western Front was fought
largely in France and characterized by extremely violent battles, often with new
and more destructive military technology. Famous battles in France include First
Battle of the Marne, Battle of Verdun, Battle of the
Somme and the Second Battle of the Marne.
Germany's plan (see Schlieffen Plan) was to defeat the French
quickly and then shift from defense to offense against Russia on the Eastern
Front. The Germans captured Brussels by August 20th and soon had taken over a
large portion of northen France. The original plan was to continue southwest and
attack Paris from the west. By early September they were within 40 miles of
Paris, and the French government had relocated to Bordeaux. The Allies finally
stopped the advance northeast of Paris at the Marne River. This was the farthest
push west by the Germans during the entire war.
On the Western Front the small improvised trenches of the first few months
rapidly grew deeper and more complex, gradually becoming vast areas of
interlocking defensive works. The land war quickly became dominated by the
muddy, bloody stalemate of Trench warfare, a form of war in which both
opposing armies had static lines of defense. The war of movement quickly turned
into a war of position. Attack followed counterattack after counterattack.
Neither side advanced much, but both sides suffered hundreds of thousands of
casualties. German and Allied armies produced essentially a matched pair of
trench lines from the Swiss border in the south to the North Sea coast of
Belgium. Trench warfare prevailed on the Western Front from September 1914 until
the Germans launched their "Spring Offensive", Operation Michael, in March 1918.
The space between the opposing trenches was referred to as "no man's land" (for
its lethal uncrossability) and varied in width depending on the battlefield. On
the Western Front it was typically between 100 and 300 yards (90-275 m), though
sometimes much less. The common infantry soldier had four weapons to use in the
trenches: the rifle, bayonet, shotgun, and hand grenade.
Britain introduced the first
tanks to the war, while Renault enhanced the concept by adding a turret. The use in
large quantity of these light tanks by Jean-Baptiste Estienne can
be considered a decisive evolution in World War I's strategies.
When Russia exited the war in 1917 due to revolution, the Central Powers controlled
all of the Balkans and could now shift military efforts to the Western Front.
The U.S. had entered the war also in 1917, so the Central Powers hoped this
could be achieved mostly prior to America's delivery of military support. In
March 1918 Germany launched the last major offensive on the Western Front. By
May Germany had reached the Marne again, as in September 1914, and was again
close to Paris. In Second Battle of the Marne, however,
the Allies were able to defend and then shift to offense due in part to the
fatigue of the Germans and the arrival of more Americans. The Germans were
ultimately pushed back toward the German border. Other Central Power strongholds
in Europe had fallen, and in early October, when a new government assumed power
in Germany, it asked for an armistice.
Peace terms were agreed upon in the Treaty of Versailles on November 11th,
largely negotiated by Georges Clemenceau for French matters.
Germany was required to take full responsibility for the war and to pay war reparations; and
the German industrial Saarland, a
coal and steel region, was occupied by France. The German African colonies were
partitioned between France and Britain such as Cameroons. Alsace-Lorraine was returned to France,
and the German Empire lost eastern territories such as the Danzig Corridor. Ferdinand Foch wanted a
peace that would never allow Germany to be a threat to France again. After the
peace was signed he said, This is not a peace. It is an armistice for 20
years. The war brought great losses of troops and resources. Fought in large
part on French soil, the war led to approximately 1.4 million French dead
including civilians (see World War I casualties), and four times
as many casualties. From the remains of the Ottoman Empire, France acquired the
Mandate
of Syria and the Mandate of Lebanon.
Les années folles
Ferdinand Foch supported Poland in the Greater Poland
Uprising and in the Polish-Soviet War and France also joined
Spain during the Rif
War. This period of time is also called the Great
Depression. Leon Blum,
leading the Popular Front was elected Prime
Minister from 1936 to 1937 and became the first Jew to lead France. During the
Spanish Civil
War he did not support the Spanish Republicans because of the French
internal political context of complex alliances and risk of war with Germany and
Italy. In the 1920s, France established an elaborate system of border defences
(the Maginot Line) and
alliances (see Little
Entente) to offset resurgent German strength and in the 1930s, the massive
losses of the war led many in France to choose a policy guaranteeing peace, even
in the face of Hitler's violations of the Versailles treaty and (later) his
demands at Munich in 1938; this would be the much maligned policy of appeasement. Édouard Daladier
refused to go to war against Germany and Italy without British support as Neville
Chamberlain wanted to save peace at Munich.
World War II
-
Main article: Military history of
France during World War II
General de
Gaulle speaking on the BBC during the
war.
The Invasion of Poland finally caused
France and Britain to declare war against Germany. But the allies did not launch
massive assaults and kept a defensive stance, that was called the Phoney War or Drôle de
guerre as the French called it. It did not prevent the German army from
conquering Poland in a matter of weeks
with its innovative Blitzkrieg
tactics. When Germany had its hands free for an attack in the west, the Battle of France
began in May 1940, and the same tactics proved just as devastating there. The
Wehrmacht completely bypassed the Maginot Line, marching through Belgium and the Netherlands. In six weeks of savage fighting the
French lost 130,000 men, the majority of the casualties they would suffer in the
entire war. Eight million civilians, a quarter of the population, had to flee
their homes for some time. French leaders chose to surrender to Nazi Germany on
June 24, 1940, while the British Expeditionary Force had to
be evacuated from Dunkirk. Nazi
Germany occupied three fifths of France's territory, leaving the rest in the
south east to the new Vichy government, a Nazi puppet regime,
established on July 10, 1940. The Vichy Regime was led by Philippe Pétain,
the aging war hero of First World war. However, Charles de Gaulle declared himself by radio
from London the head of a government in exile, gathering the Free French
Forces around him, seeking support in the French colonies and recognition
from Britain and the USA. During the German occupation more than a hundred
thousand French Jews would be deported, often with the help of the Vichy French
authorities, and murdered in the Nazi's extermination camps. After the Attack
on Mers-el-Kébir in 1940, where the British fleet destroyed a large part of
the French navy, still under command of Vichy France, that refused to join them, killing
about 1,100 sailors, there was nation wide indignation and a feeling of distrust
in the French forces, leading to the events of the Battle of Dakar. Eventually, several important
French ships such as the Richelieu and the Surcouf joined the
Free French Forces. On the Eastern Front the USSR was lacking pilots and several
French pilots joined the Soviet Union and fought the Luftwaffe in the Normandie-Niemen
squadron. Within France proper, relatively few people organised themselves
against the German Occupation, they were the Resistants. The most famous figure of the
French resistance was Jean
Moulin. He was tortured by Klaus Barbie (the butcher of Lyon). Increasing
repression culminated in the complete destruction and extermination of the
village of Oradour-sur-Glane, at the height of the Battle of
Normandy. There were also Frenchmen that joined the SS, they were known as
the Charlemagne
Division, knowing they would not survive would Germany be defeated; they
were among the last ones to surrender at Berlin.
In November 1942 Vichy-France was finally occupied by German forces, because
the war in North-Africa was coming to an end; the Germans foresaw a threat in
southern Europe by the allied forces.
On 6 June 1944 the allied landed on
Normandy while on 15 August they landed on Provence. General Leclerc freed Paris and
Strasbourg and later, along with the battleship Richelieu, represented France at
Tokyo during the Japanese surrender. The
Vichy-regime fled to Germany.
France was liberated by allied forces in 1944. After the war ended, the West
German government had to pay reparations (large sums of money) to France as
compensation for invading and occupying France and to any civilians killed,
being starved, sent into forced labour, or left homeless by the war. The day
Germany surrendered French forces were involved in the Sétif massacre in Algeria.
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Французские марши 
